1. What does Kant mean by "freedom"?
His meaning of freedom is becoming mature.
2. Why does Kant feel that "freedom" is so central to the Enlightenment?
He believes "freedom" is important to the Enlightenment because this "freedom" can open people's minds and can also help people escape from the "prison of immaturity".
3. How do people become Enlightened and what is the appropriate environment to accomplish this?
People become Enlightened by being mature and they can accomplish this by going through the "dangerous and difficult path" to maturity.
4. How does Kant relate Enlightenment and politics?
The relationship between the Enlightenment and politics, to his point of view, is that if a ruler is immature, then his country may be immature and vice versa. Technically, the state of the country depends on the ruler's behaviors.
That's all, Mr. Lemons.
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Thursday, September 24, 2009
Enlightenment Terms
Here are some terms for you, Mr. Lemons (sorry that I'm late, I didn't know)
Enlightenment: A time whon people discover the world. There were advances in science, politics and the social stuff. These people did not believe in the church's ideas.
Scientific Revolution: A time that changed Europe greatly. Enlightened people founded new scientific stuff (new for them, not for us), such as the heliocentric theory and gravity.
Copernicus: A famous Polish mathematician and astronomer. He was famous for proving Aristotle wrong about the geocentric theory (Earth was the center of the universe).
John Locke: An English thinker. He believed that people had natural rights, which are rights belonging to all humans when they were born. These rights include life, liberty and property. He was against monarchy.
Montesquieu: A French thinker. He believed that one way to protect liberty is to divide the government into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. He also came up with the idea of checks and balances in the government.
Voltaire: A famous French thinker. He was against inequality, injustice, superstition, the slave trade and prejudice.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A French philosopher. He believed that society limited people's behavior. He suggested that only freely-elected governments can impose some controls and weaken their power. He also thought that the good of the community, as a whole, must go before personal interests.
Thomas Paine: An American propagandist (what does the word mean, I don't really know). He helped in the American Revolution. He wrote a book called Common Sense. In his book, The Age of Reason, he put that the Bible was not created from God's own words and he did not believe in Christianity.
Common Sense: One of Thomas Paine's famous works. In this book, Paine challenged Britain and monarchy. He also, in his book, asked politely to Great Britain for independence.
Enlightenment: A time whon people discover the world. There were advances in science, politics and the social stuff. These people did not believe in the church's ideas.
Scientific Revolution: A time that changed Europe greatly. Enlightened people founded new scientific stuff (new for them, not for us), such as the heliocentric theory and gravity.
Copernicus: A famous Polish mathematician and astronomer. He was famous for proving Aristotle wrong about the geocentric theory (Earth was the center of the universe).
John Locke: An English thinker. He believed that people had natural rights, which are rights belonging to all humans when they were born. These rights include life, liberty and property. He was against monarchy.
Montesquieu: A French thinker. He believed that one way to protect liberty is to divide the government into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. He also came up with the idea of checks and balances in the government.
Voltaire: A famous French thinker. He was against inequality, injustice, superstition, the slave trade and prejudice.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: A French philosopher. He believed that society limited people's behavior. He suggested that only freely-elected governments can impose some controls and weaken their power. He also thought that the good of the community, as a whole, must go before personal interests.
Thomas Paine: An American propagandist (what does the word mean, I don't really know). He helped in the American Revolution. He wrote a book called Common Sense. In his book, The Age of Reason, he put that the Bible was not created from God's own words and he did not believe in Christianity.
Common Sense: One of Thomas Paine's famous works. In this book, Paine challenged Britain and monarchy. He also, in his book, asked politely to Great Britain for independence.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Comparison of the SPQR and the American Democracy
The similarites between the Consuls and the President are that they both control the senate and are commander-in-chiefs. For example, Julius Caesar was a Consul and created part of the Roman Empire. President George W. Bush had the American troops fight in Iraq and Afghanistan. The similarities between the Tribunes and the House of Representatives are that they represent the people. They both accept laws that are good for the people.
The differences between the Roman Senate and the American Senate are as follows:
- Roman senators serve for life (unless censors fire them), American ones only serve for 6 years
- Roman senators control foreign affairs. Our senators, I think, don't.
The differences between the Roman Senate and the American Senate are as follows:
- Roman senators serve for life (unless censors fire them), American ones only serve for 6 years
- Roman senators control foreign affairs. Our senators, I think, don't.
Term Definitions: Greece and Rome
Polis: a city-state. It is also a mini-country. There were many of these in Greece. The most famous ones are Athens and Sparta.
Homer: The author of Iliad and Odyssey. No one knows if the stories are true.
Iliad and Odyssey: 2 famous works of literature by Homer. Iliad is aboout the Trojan War, when a ordinary man named Odysseus helps the Greeks fight the Trojans (Greeks). Odyssey is about Odysseus' adventure back home. He has to face challenges, such as the Cyclops, Charybdis, Calypso and many more.
Pericles: General of the Greeks during the Persian War. He led them to victory. He also created a Radical Democracy, which consisted of 3 classes: Assembly, Councel and Jury.
Persian War: A war between the Greeks and the Persians. The war started with the Battle of Thermopylae and ended with the Battle of Plyteia ( is that the correct spelling), in which the Greeks dominated the Persians.
Pelopennesian War: A war between Athens and Sparta. The cause of this is an argument over who should take credit for defeating the Persians and the argument became a war. Sparta defeated Athens with the help of an Athenian navy general.
Centuriate Assembly: First Roman government. It did not work because patricians always got their wishes and the plebeians got nothing. Later, this government was eliminated and replaced by the Tribal Assembly.
Conflict of the Orders: A time in which plebeians went "on strike" against the Centuriate Assembly for unfair rules. It lasted 200 years. Finally, this conflict terminated the Centuriate Assembly.
Tribal Assembly: A new Roman government. It was to be more democratic and fairer to the plebeians, giving them more positions in this assembly.
Patrician: Citizens of Rome. Before the Conflict, being one was good.
Plebeian: The poor people in Rome. Before the Conflict, they got nothing. After the Conflict, they got some things.
Senator: Member of the senate. He serves for life, unless the censors don't like him and kick him out. He can make and control laws, as well as foreign affairs. He is a "boss" in the government.
Consul: He is similar to the president. He controls the senate and the assemblies. He is a commander-in-chief of the Roman army.
Homer: The author of Iliad and Odyssey. No one knows if the stories are true.
Iliad and Odyssey: 2 famous works of literature by Homer. Iliad is aboout the Trojan War, when a ordinary man named Odysseus helps the Greeks fight the Trojans (Greeks). Odyssey is about Odysseus' adventure back home. He has to face challenges, such as the Cyclops, Charybdis, Calypso and many more.
Pericles: General of the Greeks during the Persian War. He led them to victory. He also created a Radical Democracy, which consisted of 3 classes: Assembly, Councel and Jury.
Persian War: A war between the Greeks and the Persians. The war started with the Battle of Thermopylae and ended with the Battle of Plyteia ( is that the correct spelling), in which the Greeks dominated the Persians.
Pelopennesian War: A war between Athens and Sparta. The cause of this is an argument over who should take credit for defeating the Persians and the argument became a war. Sparta defeated Athens with the help of an Athenian navy general.
Centuriate Assembly: First Roman government. It did not work because patricians always got their wishes and the plebeians got nothing. Later, this government was eliminated and replaced by the Tribal Assembly.
Conflict of the Orders: A time in which plebeians went "on strike" against the Centuriate Assembly for unfair rules. It lasted 200 years. Finally, this conflict terminated the Centuriate Assembly.
Tribal Assembly: A new Roman government. It was to be more democratic and fairer to the plebeians, giving them more positions in this assembly.
Patrician: Citizens of Rome. Before the Conflict, being one was good.
Plebeian: The poor people in Rome. Before the Conflict, they got nothing. After the Conflict, they got some things.
Senator: Member of the senate. He serves for life, unless the censors don't like him and kick him out. He can make and control laws, as well as foreign affairs. He is a "boss" in the government.
Consul: He is similar to the president. He controls the senate and the assemblies. He is a commander-in-chief of the Roman army.
Monday, September 14, 2009
Plato and Aristotle Notes
OK, Mr. Lemons, here's my notes
Plato (the Republic)
-What is a tyrant?
-They distract people from their true reactions.
-They get rid of people that hate them.
-Men can change the government.
-Rulers must have knowledge.
-He must not let greed take over him.
-Some people dominate others.
-Each government makes laws that benefit only the government (themselves).
-Plato is a Communist.
Aristotle (Politics)
-Everyone is equal.
-There needs to be social classes.
Plato (the Republic)
-What is a tyrant?
-They distract people from their true reactions.
-They get rid of people that hate them.
-Men can change the government.
-Rulers must have knowledge.
-He must not let greed take over him.
-Some people dominate others.
-Each government makes laws that benefit only the government (themselves).
-Plato is a Communist.
Aristotle (Politics)
-Everyone is equal.
-There needs to be social classes.
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Thursday, September 3, 2009
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